grammar sket...

Walaupun exam ELP dh abes, xpe la, sje nk share sket notes sal verb ni...lagipun ni bukan notes sem ni, tp notes sem 1 PISMP dulu nun...hehe..k, cam biasa, amek yg bermanfaat, abaikan yang x bermanfaat ek.. ^^

THE INFINITIVE

1. She works hard

2. She try to work hard

In sentence 1, the Verb works has she for its subject. Hence the Verb is limited by person and number. This Verb is called a Finite Verb.

In sentence 2, “to work” does not refer to a subject. It merely names the action denoted by the Verb tries and is not limited by person or number. It is called the Infinitive Verb.

*word “to” is frequently used with Infinitives, but it is not always necessary.

Example : I cannot afford to waste time.

He would rather die than surrender.

ACTION VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1. Fikri drives the car.

2. The car is driven by Fikri.

The sentences express the same meaning. From sentence 1, the Verb drives is said to be in Active Voice because the Subject (Fikri) does something (drives the car).

But, sentence 2, something (is driven by Fikri) is done to the subject (the car). The Verb is driven is said to be in the Passive Voice.

*The Object of the Verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject in the Passive Voice. Thus, only the Transitive Verb can be used in the Passive Voice

ACTIVE VOICE		PASSIVE VOICE
John helps her	SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE	She is helped by John
He is writing a letter	PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE	A letter is being written by him
They have built a house	PRESENT PERFECT TENSE	A house has been built by them
A dog chase the cat	SIMPLE PAST TENSE	A cat was chased by a dog
He was writing a letter	PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE	A letter was being written by him
Faris had written a letter to Hana	PAST PERFECT TENSE	A letter had been written by Faris to Hana
Haikal will sing a song to Mawaddah	SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE	A song will be sung by Haikal to Mawaddah
Fikri will be reading a book	FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE	[no passive voice]
Sue will have taken a test	FUTURE PERFECT TENSE	A test will have taken by Sue

*Most of the sentences in the Passive form make use of the word ‘by’ for the doer of the action.

Note :

i) The Active Voice is used when the doer of the action is to be made prominent; the Passive, when the person or thing acted upon is to be made prominent.

ii) The Passive Voice is preferred if the Active Voice would involve the use of a vague or indefinite thing (they, people , someone etc.) as the doer of the action, e.g.

Malay is spoken here
(People speak Malay here)